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В пучине бренного мира. Японское искусство и его коллекционер Сергей Китаев - Евгений Семенович Штейнер
- Дата:13.02.2025
- Категория: Научные и научно-популярные книги / Культурология
- Название: В пучине бренного мира. Японское искусство и его коллекционер Сергей Китаев
- Автор: Евгений Семенович Штейнер
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Описание онлайн-книги В пучине бренного мира. Японское искусство и его коллекционер Сергей Китаев - Евгений Семенович Штейнер:
В конце XIX века европейское искусство обратило свой взгляд на восток и стало активно интересоваться эстетикой японской гравюры. Одним из первых, кто стал коллекционировать гравюры укиё-э в России, стал Сергей Китаев, военный моряк и художник-любитель. Ему удалось собрать крупнейшую в стране – а одно время считалось, что и в Европе – коллекцию японского искусства. Через несколько лет после Октябрьской революции 1917 года коллекция попала в Государственный музей изобразительных искусств имени А. С. Пушкина и никогда полностью не исследовалась и не выставлялась. Искусствовед Евгений Штейнер в своей книге рассказывает историю этого собрания, погружает читателя в историко-культурный контекст, необходимый для знакомства с гравюрами, а в качестве иллюстрации подробно комментирует избранные листы из коллекции Сергея Китаева. Евгений Штейнер – ученый-японист, доктор искусствоведения, профессор Школы востоковедения НИУ ВШЭ и ассоциированный исследователь Центра по изучению Японии Школы восточных и африканских исследований (School of Oriental and African Studies, SOAS) Лондонского университета. The book researches the life of the Russian collector of Japanese art Sergei Kitaev (1864–1927) and investigates the dramatic history of his collection of woodblock prints and paintings, which was once the largest in Russia and possibly one of the largest private collections of Japanese art in Europe. A few years after the October Revolution of 1917, the Kitaev Collection was nationalized and became part of the holdings of The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts (Moscow). It has never been fully researched, cataloged, or exhibited. The author worked on the catalog of prints from this collection and found that compared with archival data, what is now kept in the Pushkin Museum is significantly different in terms of the number of artifacts and their condition. The book is devoted to the investigation of this problem. The Chapter 4 is an updated version of the text and illustrations first published as “The Kitaev Collection of Japanese Art in the Pushkin Museum: Historia Calamitatum,” in Impressions, The Journal of the Japanese Art Society of America, No. 12 (2011) (www.japaneseartsoc.org). Copyright © Japanese Art Society of America
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Numerous rave reviews were published when the exhibition traveled to Moscow in February 1897, occupying several rooms of the Historical Museum on Red Square, and again in 1905, for the exhibition organized in Saint Petersburg immediately after the inglorious defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War.
All this success among young artists and newspaper reports notwithstanding, it was not easy to organize these exhibitions. The third and last, in October 1905, took place during the difficult time of civil unrest called the First Russian Revolution; the month of October was marked by a nationwide political strike. Kitaev’s plan to sell his collection for the benefit of the public met with a complete lack of interest on the part of decision makers.
Into Captivity
Beginning in 1896, Kitaev’s attempts to exhibit his collection and to make it available to the public on a permanent basis by selling it to the state encountered all kinds of red tape. In a letter of 1904 addressed to Valerian P. Loboikov (1861–after 1917), secretary of the Russian Academy of Art in Saint Petersburg, Kitaev relates his sad experience in organizing the exhibition of 1896:
I have to begin from afar. Enthusiastically, I was forming my collection, having in mind to display it for the public without charge. I considered the collection rich enough to provide to my fellow citizens an idea of what kind of a rival (in 1896!) we were dealing with by showing them the arts of the people of Japan and thirteen hundred photographs of the country and domestic life of their nation.
To fulfill my youthful undertaking (I was about thirty at that time), I brought the collection to St. Petersburg and applied to the I[mperial] S[ocie]ty for Advan[cement] of the Arts for a free exhibition space, thinking that the development of the artistic taste of Russian society is included in its mission. And what did I learn? I was told that I had to pay a huge sum (don’t remember now – one or two thousand per month) and to take care of all preparation and security. It was the first knife into my heart.
I applied to the Academy of Sciences, thinking that the ethnographic part (the photographs) would be interesting enough to enable this Learned Institution to support my educational goal. A hall they really were willing to give for free, but stark empty. Easels, fabrics, heating, all management, security and organization I had to take care of single-handedly.
It was the second knife; I thanked the administration and declined. There remained the I[mperial] Academy of Arts. The charming Count N. I. Tolstoy and V. G. Makovsky, with your good offices, gave me the space without charge; however, acting by Academy regulations, I had to pay to your bursar a fee for amortization of a staircase carpet (which was never there, by the way), add fabric to upholster the boards, order at my expense shelves for the photographs, hire a cashier, organize and pay for publications and pay for attendants…
The response of press and the public was very different; there were about eight hundred visitors per day, which I did not expect, having in mind the Petersburg December, dark and busy with Christmas preparations. This brought me moral solace…[232]
As early as 1898, Kitaev began wishing to donate his collection to the future Moscow Museum of Fine Arts, which at that time was in the early stages of construction. He wrote twice to Professor Ivan V. Tsvetaev (1847–1913), the director. Tsvetaev’s responses are unknown. A professor of art history at Moscow University and a specialist in Roman antiquities, he made titanic efforts to establish an educational museum filled with plaster casts of classical and Renaissance masterpieces. Possibly, Japanese prints and scrolls were very far from his ideal of a fine arts museum[233].
In 1904, the newspaper Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti (Saint Petersburg Gazette) published an interview with Kitaev titled “The Captive.” It begins:
Becoming interested in Japanese painting, I could not resist the temptation to rummage in the immense collection of kakemono of S. N. Kitaev. This is a unique collection in Russia and now, perhaps, the best among all private collections in Europe…
[Kitaev is then quoted.] “I’d be happy to help you, but unfortunately I can’t. My Japanese collection is in captivity now… and I do not think that it would be possible to deliver it soon. It languishes in Moscow in storage… packed in crates and packages and nailed up”… S. N. [Kitaev] gave me a shocking example of how the most wholesome and unselfish, almost self-abnegating endeavors are ruined in Russia[234].
The journalist reports that not a single Russian institution, except for the Stroganov School of Technical Drawing, asked Kitaev if the collection were available to buy. On the other hand, he adds, “several inquiries came from abroad… There were a few offers from Japan to buy the collection, and Hasekawa was going to travel to Russia to try to overcome the stubbornness of Mr. Kitaev.”
But it was only the beginning of the collection’s misfortunes (and those of the collector himself). In 1916, Kitaev was preparing to travel abroad for prolonged medical treatment, and he offered the government the chance to buy his collection. Surprisingly, the response went as far as establishing a commission of experts to evaluate the collection. Its members were Sergei Oldenburg (1863–1934), a professor of Buddhism and Indian culture; Sergei Eliseev (known in the West as Serge Elisséeff, 1889–1975), a Japanologist who had just returned from Japan after becoming the first European graduate of Tokyo University; Pavel Pavlinov, Kitaev’s fellow naval officer and artist; and Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva, the printmaker who had been impressed by the collection at the 1896 exhibition. It was in anticipation of the examination of his collection that Kitaev sent two letters to Pavlinov to whet the latter’s interest. The commission met in Kitaev’s home in Saint Petersburg in September 1916 over the course
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